Francisco de Goya

Datos Generales
Cronología
Ca. 1820 - 1823
Ubicación
The Prado National Museum. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Dimensiones
126 x 66 cm
Técnica y soporte
Oil painting on plaster transferred to canvas
Reconocimiento de la autoría de Goya
Undisputed work
Titular
El Prado National Museum
Ficha: realización/revisión
28 Oct 2010 / 14 Mar 2024
Inventario
(P00766)
Otros títulos:
Politicians (Los políticos)
Men Reading (Hombres leyendo)
Two Men (Dos hombres)
Two men and a woman (Dos hombres y una mujer)
A Group of Men Listening to Another Man Reading from a Paper (Varios hombres agrupados oyendo a uno que lee un papel)
Historia

See Leocadia.

Análisis artístico

This is a vertical composition originally located on the first floor of the house known as the Quinta del Sordo, on the wall facing the entrance to the room. It is an everyday scene in which six male figures appear in the darkness around a central figure whose shirt offers a triangle of light. The viewer's gaze is drawn from this point of light to the paper the man holds in his hand and the three figures in the foreground. The rest of the men gather around the central character in order to hear him better, creating the effect of a crowd.

The figures are rendered in broad brushstrokes that give great expressiveness to the faces, which is all we can see of most of the figures. Some of the other characters' clothes are also visible, and these are also painted in broad strokes.

This is an everyday scene placed in a setting that is hardly appropriate to reading, given that the room seems badly lit with no visible window or door. The action takes precedence, with little importance given to the setting where the scene takes place.

At the time when the Black Paintings were produced the publication of periodicals was increasing, both political journals and the satirical publications that emerged with the Liberal Triennium, and this is possibly the reason behind Goya's choice of theme. It is difficult to interpret the painting's meaning, and it is usually linked to Two Women and a Man (Dos mujeres y un hombre), which was situated on the same wall. Glendinning suggests that these paintings represent two aspects of the culture of the time, the serious side in The Reading, and the comic side in Two Women and a Man. In the opinion of González de Zárate the painting's meaning is related to the political oppression of the time, and the way culture must have gone underground. Muller identifies the man reading as a monk, his audience as ordinary people: he offers various possible interpretations of the scene, including the consequences of illiteracy.

The positioning of the figures in the composition creates a dialogue between them. Likewise, a dialogue is also established with the viewer, who takes on the role of voyeur or curious onlooker.

Conservación

There are differences between the painting that decorated Goya’s house and this version due to the restoration carried out by Martínez Cubells, who must have carried out various repaintings after the work was removed from the wall, losing substantial layers of paint in the process. According to Glendinning, among the changes made the restorer would have added elements of the faces in the background which were not well defined in the original or had partly disappeared. There had been a window in the background which was overpainted by Martínez Cubells when he reworked the figure that is looking upwards.

Exposiciones
  • Pinturas Negras en la Exposición Universal de París
    Palacio del Trocadero
    París
    1878
    from may 20th to November 10th 1878
  • Goya. 250 Aniversario
    Museo Nacional del Prado
    Madrid
    1996
    consultant editor Juan J. Luna. From March 29th to June 2nd 1996
Bibliografía
  • GASSIER, Pierre y WILSON, Juliet
    Vie et ouvre de Francisco de Goya
    ParísOffice du livre
    1970
    327-329, cat. 1617
  • GUDIOL RICART, José
    BarcelonaPolígrafa
    1970
    vol. I, p.380, cat. 710
  • MULLER, Priscilla
    Goya's Black Paintings: Truth and Reason in Light and Liberty
    New YorkHispanic Society of America
    1984
    p. 102-106
  • GONZÁLEZ DE ZÁRATE, Jesús María
    Goya, de lo Bello a lo Sublime
    Instituto de Estudios Iconográficos
    1990
  • LUNA, Juan J. (Comisario)
    Goya. 250 Aniversario
    MadridMuseo del Prado
    1996
    p. 429
  • BOZAL, Valeriano
    Las pinturas negras de Goya, Alcobendas
    T.F. Editores
    1997
    p.75-78
  • JUNQUERA, Paulina
    Las Pinturas Negras de Goya
    LondonScala Publishers Ltd.
    2003
    p.78
Ficha en SAAC

Los Sistemas Aumentativos y Alternativos de Comunicación (SAAC) son formas de expresión distintas al lenguaje hablado, que tienen como objetivo aumentar (aumentativos) y/o compensar (alternativos) las dificultades de comunicación y lenguaje de muchas personas con discapacidad. Más info: Arasaac

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