Francisco de Goya

Datos Generales
Cronología
1801 - 1805
Ubicación
The Prado National Museum. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Dimensiones
Diámetro 227 cm
Técnica y soporte
Tempera on canvas
Reconocimiento de la autoría de Goya
Documented work
Titular
El Prado National Museum
Ficha: realización/revisión
21 Feb 2010 / 13 Jun 2023
Inventario
(P02547)
Historia

The King and Queen of Spain gave Manuel Godoy a palace when he was appointed Prime Minister in 1792. From 1801, Godoy carried out a series of renovations to the palace, which were not completely finished until 1806. Meanwhile, he commissioned Goya to produce three circular allegorical paintings to decorate the interior - Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Science - which were hung in the hallway opposite the large staircase. Only three of these paintings survive today.

They stayed in their original location - which later became the headquarters of the Ministry of the Marine - until 1930. They then moved to the new headquarters of that ministry on Paseo del Prado.

In 1932, they were entrusted to the Prado Museum as a bequest from the Ministry of the Marine.

Análisis artístico

The choice of themes for the four allegories was not fortuitous. Godoy wished to represent the pillars of the Enlightenment economy, demonstrating that he formed a part of this modern political thought. The paintings were hung above the lunettes of the vault of the hall, the anteroom of the great staircase where visitors waited to meet the influential favourite of Charles IV, and the ideal place to present political propaganda. In fact, thanks to photographs taken by Moreno, we know the exact position of each painting. Industry was on the eastern wall, opposite the staircase and Science, which was placed on the western wall. On the other sides of the hall, Agriculture hung on the north wall, and Commerce on the south. The room of the Prado Museum which houses these paintings today maintains their positions with the exception of Science, which has been lost.

As in the case of many other paintings by Goya, Agriculture was inspired by Cesare Ripa's Iconologia, and shows the goddess Ceres as she described in his book: a woman dressed in green, wearing a crown of ears of grain, a fertility symbol. At her feet, Goya has placed farming tools, an allusion to work in the countryside. This monumental goddess of agriculture is holding an apple in her right hand, a wheat sheaf in her left. She is accompanied by a peasant who is placed in the middle ground of the composition. He carries an offering of a basket full of flowers and fruit, and is admiring the beauty of the goddess. We can make out the symbols of the zodiac Libra and Scorpio in the sky, representing the harvest season. The composition is similar to the Rubens and Snyder work entitled Ceres and Pan (Prado Museum, Madrid) which Goya would have seen in the Palacio de Oriente in Madrid.

This work, as in the case of its companions, is painted in tempera, which gives it the feel of a fresco painting. There are many compositional likenesses to the tapestry cartoons, in particular the overdoors which were also designed to be viewed from below. Goya once more places a triangular figure in the foreground, adding a second in the middle ground in order to create a sense of depth. In the cartoons he often introduced an element between both figures, but in these compositions he uses light to distinguish the different planes, leaving the furthest away in the shadows.

Exposiciones
  • Goya
    Palacio de Pedralbes
    Barcelona
    1977
    from April 12th to June 30th 1977
  • Goya. 250 Aniversario
    Museo Nacional del Prado
    Madrid
    1996
    consultant editor Juan J. Luna. From March 29th to June 2nd 1996
  • Goya. La imagen de la mujer
    Museo Nacional del Prado
    Madrid
    2001
    from October 30th 2001 to February 10th 2002. Exhibitied also at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, March 10th to June 2nd 2002, consultant editor Francisco Calvo Serraller
Bibliografía
  • DESPARMET FITZ - GERALD, Xavier
    L'œuvre peint de Goya. 4 vols
    París
    1928-1950
    vol. I, p. 135, cat. 92
  • SÁNCHEZ CANTÓN. Francisco Javier
    La elaboración de un cuadro de Goya
    Archivo Español de Arte
    Madrid
    1945
    pp. 301-307
  • SORIA, Martín S.
    Goya's allegories of fact and fiction
    The Burlington Magazine
    London
    1948
    pp. 196-200
  • NORDSTRÖM, Folke
    Goya, Saturno y melancolía. Consideraciones sobre el arte de Goya
    StockholmAlquimis & Wiksell
    1962
    p. 117
  • GASSIER, Pierre y WILSON, Juliet
    Vie et ouvre de Francisco de Goya
    ParísOffice du livre
    1970
    pp. 165, 189, cat. 690
  • GUDIOL RICART, José
    BarcelonaPolígrafa
    1970
    vol. I, p. 323, cat. 480
  • ANGELIS, Rita de
    L’opera pittorica completa di Goya
    MilanRizzoli
    1974
    p. 110, cat. 329
  • ROSE-DE VIEJO, Isadora
    Goya’s Allegories and the Sphinxes: Comerce, Agriculture, Industry and Science in situ
    The Burlington Magazine
    London
    1984
    pp. 34-39
  • CAMÓN AZNAR, José
    Francisco de Goya, 4 vols.
    ZaragozaCaja de Ahorros de Zaragoza, Aragón y Rioja
    1980-1982
    vol. III, p. 45 (il.)
  • LUNA, Juan J. (Comisario)
    Goya. 250 Aniversario
    MadridMuseo del Prado
    1996
    p. 389, cat 117 y p. 211 (il.)
  • CALVO SERRALLER, Francisco (comisario)
    Goya, la imagen de la mujer
    MadridMuseo Nacional del Prado y Fundación Amigos del Museo del Prado
    2001
    pp. 226, 334, cat. 53 y p. 227 (il.)
Enlaces externos
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